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[anses-04372908] Exploring the relationship between Faecalibacterium duncaniae and Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Insights and implications
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of disorders characterized by an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and represents a major social and economic burden. Despite ongoing research into the etiology and pathophysiology of this multifactorial disease, treatment options remain limited. From this perspective, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential player in the pathogenesis of IBD, and animal and human studies support this hypothesis. Indeed, the human gut is one of the most complex ecological communities (composed of 1013-1014 microorganisms) that plays a critical role in human health by influencing normal physiology and disease susceptibility through its collective metabolic activities and host interactions. In addition, live probiotic bacteria present in some food products (which transit through the GIT) have been shown to interact with the host immune system and confer several health benefits. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the link between Faecalibacterium duncaniae and Escherichia coli and IBD, highlighting the main areas of research in this field. An ecological perspective on the gut microbiota may offer new insights for the development of clinical therapies targeting this bacterial community to improve human health.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz) 08 Feb 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04372908
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[hal-04633489] Differential nested patterns of Anaplasma marginale and Coxiella-like endosymbiont across Rhipicephalus microplus ontogeny
Understanding the intricate ecological interactions within the microbiome of arthropod vectors is crucial for elucidating disease transmission dynamics and developing effective control strategies. In this study, we investigated the ecological roles of Coxiella-like endosymbiont (CLE) and Anaplasma marginale across larval, nymphal, and adult stages of Rhipicephalus microplus. We hypothesized that CLE would show a stable, nested pattern reflecting co-evolution with the tick host, while A. marginale would exhibit a more dynamic, non-nested pattern influenced by environmental factors and host immune responses. Our findings revealed a stable, nested pattern characteristic of co-evolutionary mutualism for CLE, occurring in all developmental stages of the tick. Conversely, A. marginale exhibited variable occurrence but exerted significant influence on microbial community structure, challenging our initial hypotheses of its non-nested dynamics. Furthermore, in silico removal of both microbes from the co-occurrence networks altered network topology, underscoring their central roles in the R. microplus microbiome. Notably, competitive interactions between CLE and A. marginale were observed in nymphal network, potentially reflecting the impact of CLE on the pathogen transstadial-transmission. These findings shed light on the complex ecological dynamics within tick microbiomes and have implications for disease management strategies.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lianet Abuin-Denis) 03 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04633489
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[hal-04652728] Spatial patterns of Hyalomma marginatum -borne pathogens in the Occitanie region (France), a focus on the intriguing dynamics of Rickettsia aeschlimannii
ABSTRACT Hyalomma marginatum is an invasive tick species recently established in mainland southern France. This tick is known to host a diverse range of human and animal pathogens. While information about the dynamics of these pathogens is crucial to assess disease risk and develop effective monitoring strategies, few data on the spatial dynamics of these pathogens are currently available. We collected ticks in 27 sites in the Occitanie region to characterize spatial patterns of H. marginatum -borne pathogens. Several pathogens have been detected: Theileria equi (9.2%), Theileria orientalis (0.2%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.6%), Anaplasma marginale (0.8%), and Rickettsia aeschlimannii (87.3%). Interestingly, we found a spatial clustered distribution for the pathogen R. aeschlimannii between two geographically isolated areas with infection rates and bacterial loads significantly lower in Hérault/Gard departments (infection rate 78.6% in average) compared to Aude/Pyrénées-Orientales departments (infection rate 92.3% in average). At a smaller scale, R. aeschlimannii infection rates varied from one site to another, ranging from 29% to 100%. Overall, such high infection rates (87.3% on average) and the effective maternal transmission of R. aeschlimannii might suggest a role as a tick symbiont in H. marginatum . Further studies are thus needed to understand both the status and the role of R. aeschlimannii in H. marginatum ticks. IMPORTANCE Ticks are obligatory hematophagous arthropods that transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Pathogen infections cause serious health issues in humans and considerable economic loss in domestic animals. Information about the presence of pathogens in ticks and their dynamics is crucial to assess disease risk for public and animal health. Analyzing tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected in 27 sites in the Occitanie region, our results highlight clear spatial patterns in the Hyalomma marginatum -borne pathogen distribution and strengthen the postulate that it is essential to develop effective monitoring strategies and consider the spatial scale to better characterize the circulation of tick-borne pathogens.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Charlotte Joly-Kukla) 18 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04652728
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[hal-04646179] Co-infection dynamics of B. afzelii and TBEV in C3H mice: insights and implications for future research
ABSTRACT Ticks are important vectors of disease, particularly in the context of One Health, where tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are increasingly prevalent worldwide. TBDs often involve co-infections, where multiple pathogens co-exist in a single host. Patients with chronic Lyme disease often have co-infections with other bacteria or parasites. This study aimed to create a co-infection model with Borrelia afzelii and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in C3H mice and to evaluate symptoms, mortality, and pathogen level compared to single infections. Successful co-infection of C3H mice with B. afzelii and TBEV was achieved. Outcomes varied, depending on the timing of infection. When TBEV infection followed B. afzelii infection by 9 days, TBEV symptoms worsened and virus levels increased. Conversely, mice infected 21 days apart with TBEV showed milder symptoms and lower mortality. Simultaneous infection resulted in mild symptoms and no deaths. However, our model did not effectively infect ticks with TBEV, possibly due to suboptimal dosing, highlighting the challenges of replicating natural conditions. Understanding the consequences of co-infection is crucial, given the increasing prevalence of TBD. Co-infected individuals may experience exacerbated symptoms, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding through refined animal models. This study advances knowledge of TBD and highlights the importance of exploring co-infection dynamics in host-pathogen interactions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Stefania Porcelli) 12 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04646179
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[hal-04643965] Comparative genomics of Cryptosporidium parvum reveals the emergence of an outbreak-associated population in Europe and its spread to the United States
The zoonotic parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is a global cause of gastrointestinal disease in humans and ruminants. Sequence analysis of the highly polymorphic gp60 gene enabled the classification of C. parvum isolates into multiple groups (e.g., IIa, IIc, Id) and a large number of subtypes. In Europe, subtype IIaA15G2R1 is largely predominant and has been associated with many water- and food-borne outbreaks. In this study, we generated new whole-genome sequence (WGS) data from 123 human- and ruminant-derived isolates collected in 13 European countries and included other available WGS data from Europe, Egypt, China, and the United States (n = 72) in the largest comparative genomics study to date. We applied rigorous filters to exclude mixed infections and analyzed a data set from 141 isolates from the zoonotic groups IIa (n = 119) and IId (n = 22). Based on 28,047 high-quality, biallelic genomic SNPs, we identified three distinct and strongly supported populations: Isolates from China (IId) and Egypt (IIa and IId) formed population 1; a minority of European isolates (IIa and IId) formed population 2; and the majority of European (IIa, including all IIaA15G2R1 isolates) and all isolates from the United States (IIa) clustered in population 3. Based on analyses of the population structure, population genetics, and recombination, we show that population 3 has recently emerged and expanded throughout Europe to then, possibly from the United Kingdom, reach the United States, where it also expanded. The reason(s) for the successful spread of population 3 remain elusive, although genes under selective pressure uniquely in this population were identified.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Greta Bellinzona) 10 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04643965
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[hal-04629155] EDA Missense Variant in a Cat with X-Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a developmental defect characterized by sparse or absent hair, missing or malformed teeth and defects in eccrine glands. Loss-of-function variants in the X-chromosomal EDA gene have been reported to cause hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in humans, mice, dogs and cattle. We investigated a male cat exhibiting diffuse truncal alopecia with a completely absent undercoat. The cat lacked several teeth, and the remaining teeth had an abnormal conical shape. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a hemizygous missense variant in the EDA gene, XM_011291781.3:c.1042G>A or XP_011290083.1:p.(Ala348Thr). The predicted amino acid exchange is located in the C-terminal TNF signaling domain of the encoded ectodysplasin. The corresponding missense variant in the human EDA gene, p.Ala349Thr, has been reported as a recurring pathogenic variant in several human patients with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. The identified feline variant therefore represents the likely cause of the hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in the investigated cat, and the genetic investigation confirmed the suspected clinical diagnosis. This is the first report of an EDA-related hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in cats.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Stefan J Rietmann) 28 Jun 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04629155
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[hal-04604271] Tick paralysis induced by Ixodes gibbosus: enigmatic cases in domestic mammals from Cyprus
Ticks carry numerous pathogens that, if transmitted, can cause disease in susceptible humans and animals. The present study describes our approach on how to investigate clinical presentations following tick bites in humans. To this aim, the occurrence of major tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in human blood samples ( n = 85) and the ticks collected ( n = 93) from the same individuals were tested using an unbiased high-throughput pathogen detection microfluidic system. The clinical symptoms were characterized in enrolled patients. In patients with suspected TBP infection, serological assays were conducted to test for the presence of antibodies against specific TBPs. A field study based on One Health tenets was further designed to identify components of a potential chain of infection resulting in Rickettsia felis infection in one of the patients. Ticks species infesting humans were identified as Ixodes ricinus , Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), Dermacentor reticulatus , and Haemaphysalis punctata . Five patients developed local skin lesions at the site of the tick bite including erythema migrans, local non-specific reactions, and cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction. Although Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Babesia microti , Anaplasma phagocytophilum , and Candidatus Cryptoplasma sp. DNAs were detected in tick samples, different Rickettsia species were the most common TBPs identified in the ticks. The presence of TBPs such as Rickettsia helvetica , Rickettsia monacensis , Borrelia lusitaniae , Borrelia burgdorferi , Borrelia afzelii , A. phagocytophilum , and B. microti in ticks was further confirmed by DNA sequencing. Two of the patients with local skin lesions had IgG reactive against spotted fever group rickettsiae, while IgM specific to B. afzelii , Borrelia garinii , and Borrelia spielmanii were detected in the patient with erythema migrans. Although R. felis infection was detected in one human blood sample, none of the components of the potential chain of infection considered in this study tested positive to this pathogen either using direct pathogen detection in domestic dogs or xenodiagnosis in ticks collected from domestic cats. The combination of high-throughput screening of TBPs and One Health approaches might help characterize chains of infection leading to human infection by TBPs, as well as prevalence of emerging rickettsial pathogens in the Balkan region.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anastasia Diakou) 07 Jun 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04604271
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[hal-04634918] Première détection et génotypage de Cryptosporidium chez les hérissons européens (Erinaceus europaeus) en région parisienne.
First detection and subtyping of zoonotic Cryptosporidium in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from Paris region (France) Myriam Thomas1*, Camille Srun2, Bruno Polack1, Pascal Arné2, Mohamed Mammeri1, Aurélie Chevillot1, Karim Tarik Adjou1, Veronica Risco-Castillo1,2 1Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France. 2Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire de la Faune Sauvage (Chuv-FS), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France. *myriam.thomas@anses.fr The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium spp. is responsible of morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, children, and elderly people. Given its broad host range encompassing both animals and humans, there is a pressing need to elucidate potential transmission sources. Although European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are identified as susceptible hosts, the extent of Cryptosporidium circulation within peri-urban areas in France and the associated public health significance remain uncertain. To address this gap, the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated from hedgehogs hosted at the Wildlife Hospital from the National Veterinary School of Alfort (CHUV-FS, EnvA). Faecal samples (n = 132) were recovered between June 2019 and February 2020, and analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using direct immunofluorescent assays. Positive samples were further characterised by nested PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, and by sequencing. Additionally, epidemiological data such as sex, age (body weight), origin, cause of admission (nutritional, traumatic, infectious) was compiled and statistically analysed. An overall apparent prevalence of 12.9% of Cryptosporidium spp. was obtained, confirming that European hedgehogs from peri-urban areas of Paris region are reservoirs of Cryptosporidium species with zoonotic potential. Most positive hedgehogs did not show digestive clinical signs. Based on SSU rRNA PCR and sequencing, nine faecal samples were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium parvum, and one for Cryptosporidium erinacei. Nine out of 10 SSU rRNA positive samples were also positive using gp60 PCR, and were assigned to the three following zoonotic subtype families: C. parvum (IIc: n = 7; IId: n = 1) and C. erinacei (XIII: n = 1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time of Cryptosporidium description in European hedgehogs in France. Further investigation into the involvement of the European hedgehog in the spread of zoonotic parasites and its implications for public health in France is warranted. Moreover, proactive measures for control are imperative to mitigate transmission among animals and caregivers within Wildlife Centres, as well as among individuals harboring or interacting with these animals.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Myriam Thomas) 04 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04634918
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[hal-04634775] Exploring the molecular diversity of Parascaris spp. infecting horses in France
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Kenza Bourier) 04 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04634775
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[hal-04634737] Potential health hazard of invasive species of terrestrial flatworms, in particular as paratenic hosts of Nematodes
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jean-Lou Justine) 04 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04634737
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[hal-04634760] Exploring Cryptocotyle (Trematode) infestation levels in commercial fish species from the English Channel - North Sea ecosystems, and assessment of Cryptocotyle lingua zoonotic potential through in vivo infestation
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maureen Duflot) 04 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04634760
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[hal-04630304] Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in France and new insights on parasitic viruses - importance of one health approach
Cryptosporidium is a unicellular protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium of hosts including both humans and animals especially livestock. To date, 46 species of the genus Cryptosporidium have been described and more than 120 genotypes have been identified. C. parvum is the most prevalent species due to its ability to infect a large variety of hosts. C. hominis is the predominant species in humans in North America, Australia and Japan, as well as in developing countries, while in the Middle East, New Zealand and Europe, we find significantly equivalent to C. parvum and C. hominis, suggesting that zoonotic transmission is important in countries where livestock farming is extensive. Oocysts are excreted in stools of infected animals. Each oocyst contain four sporozoites which represent the infectious form of the parasite. Large quantities of oocysts are excreted in stools (up to 109 oocysts/g of feces in calves). Transmission occurs by direct (human-human, animal-animal or human-animal) or indirect fecal-oral route (water, food). Depending on the country, cryptosporidiosis may be subject to epidemiological surveillance. In France, cryptosporidiosis is not a notifiable disease but a national reference center was designated by the health authorities from 2017 and now a network of more than 80 human diagnostic laboratories participate and report their cases to the national reference center. Thanks to this data, french human cases are increasingly documented. From 2017 to 2023, the number of human reported cases increased from 151 to 1607 respectively. Cryptosporidiosis occurred predominantly in young children (<5 years old) and in young adults, especially during late summer. Most patients were immunocompetent (80%), and deaths were reported only in immunocompromised patients. Main reported risk factors are water exposure (both consumption and exposition during recreative contact). C. parvum was predominant over C. hominis but the C. hominis IfA12G1 subtype is emerging. C. parvum GP60 subtypes IIa and IId were the most represented suggesting frequent zoonotic transmission. In France, very few outbreaks were reported before 2017, and data obtained by the national reference center have shown that outbreaks are in fact common and frequently underreported. Among outbreaks with identified origins: water was predominant followed by consumption of contaminated food. Such contaminations are strongly linked to environmental contamination in France and the one health approach is essential for a better understanding and prevention of cryptosporidiosis. For outbreak investigations, new tools enable better detection of mix of species or discrimination of stools such as NGS or MLVA analysis. In addition, analysis of potential associations between strains of Cryptosporidium and parasitic viruses could be interesting. Indeed, studies have revealed that Cryptosporidium oocysts contain dsRNA classified in the Partitiviridae family and the Cryspovirus genus. Two recent studies have assessed the frequency of Cryspovirus (CSpV-1) in Cryptosporidium isolates. In Japan, Cryspovirus was detected in all isolates of C. parvum (100%) from calves. In Turkey, the prevalence of CSpV-1 was estimated at 8.8% in C. parvum oocysts from sick calves. However, no study has been carried out in France to look for Cryspovirus in Cryptosporidium isolates. The aim of the study in UMR Bipar was: i) to look for the presence of Cryspovirus in Cryptosporidium in the faeces of ruminants and humans. ii) to characterise Cryspovirus at molecular level in order to use it as an epidemiological tracer of Cryptosporidium in livestock. The data showed for the first time the presence of Cryspovirus in France in humans, calves, lambs and goat kids (prevalence >95%). Phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of several clades. Cryspovirus enabled us to discriminate C. parvum subtypes according to the French departments, suggesting that CSpV1 could be a molecular tool for tracing C. parvum at national level.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Damien Costa) 01 Jul 2024
https://enva.hal.science/hal-04630304
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[hal-04573144] Tick-borne zoonotic flaviviruses and Borrelia infections in wildlife hosts: what have field studies contributed?
Tick-borne flaviviruses and Borrelia spp. are globally spread pathogens of zoonotic potential that are maintained by a transmission cycle at the interface between ticks and vertebrate hosts, mainly wild animals. Aside data on pathogen burden in ticks, information on the status of various hosts relative to infection is important to acquire. We reviewed how those infections have been studied in wildlife host species in the field to discuss how collected data provided relevant epidemiological information and to identify needs for further studies. The literature was screened for observational studies on pathogen or antibody detection for tick-borne Borrelia spp. and flaviviruses in wildlife host animals. Overall, Borrelia spp. were more studied (73% of case studies, representing 297 host species) than flaviviruses (27% of case studies, representing 114 host species). Studies on both Borrelia spp. and flaviviruses focused mainly on the same species, namely bank vole and yellow-necked mouse. Most studies were order-specific and cross-sectional, reporting prevalence at various locations, but with little insight into the underlying epidemiological dynamics. Host species with potential to act as reservoir hosts of these pathogens were neglected, notably birds. We highlight the necessity of collecting both demographics and infection data in wildlife studies, and to consider communities of species, to better estimate zoonotic risk potential in the One Health context.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Armelle Poisson) 26 Jul 2024
https://u-bourgogne.hal.science/hal-04573144
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[hal-04646754] Tick-borne diseases in Europe: Current prevention, control tools and the promise of aptamers
In Europe, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) cause significant morbidity and mortality, affecting both human and animal health. Ticks can transmit a wide variety of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and feed on many vertebrate hosts. The incidence and public health burden of TBDs are tending to intensify in Europe due to various factors, mainly anthropogenic and often combined. Early detection of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), preventive measures and treatment are of great importance to control TBDs and their expansion. However, there are various limitations in terms of the sensitivity and/or specificity of detection and prevention methods, and even in terms of feasibility. Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA that could address these issues as they are able to bind with high affinity and specificity to a wide range of targets (e.g., proteins, small compounds, and cells) due to their unique three-dimensional structure. To date, aptamers have been selected against TBPs such as tick-borne encephalitis virus, Francisella tularensis, and Rickettsia typhi. These studies have demonstrated the benefits of aptamer-based assays for pathogen detection and medical diagnosis. In this review, we address the applications of aptamers to TBDs and discuss their potential for improving prevention measures (use of chemical acaricides, vaccination), diagnosis and therapeutic strategies to control TBDs.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lisa Lucie Le Dortz) 12 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04646754
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[hal-04628497] Les parasites des jeunes chiens & méthodes de lutte
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mohamed Mammeri) 28 Jun 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04628497
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[pasteur-04548947] Increased threat of urban arboviral diseases from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Colombia
Objectives Our study targets the potential of the local urban mosquito Aedes aegypti to experimentally transmit chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Methods We collected eggs and adults of Ae. aegypti in Medellín, Colombia (from February to March 2020) for mosquito experimental infections with DENV, CHIKV, YFV and ZIKV and viral detection using the BioMark Dynamic arrays system. Results We show that Ae. aegypti from Medellín was more prone to become infected, to disseminate and transmit CHIKV and ZIKV than DENV and YFV. Conclusions Thus, in Colombia, chikungunya is the most serious threat to public health based on our vector competence data.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rosa Margarita Gélvez Ramírez) 16 Apr 2024
https://pasteur.hal.science/pasteur-04548947
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[hal-04601322] Multimodal treatment of a preauricular and palpebral Feline Bowenoid In Situ Carcinoma (BISC) in a cat : Photodynamic Therapy, caudal auricular cutaneous flap and radiotherapy
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Noëlle Cochet-Faivre) 04 Jun 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04601322
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[hal-04601326] Large palpebral cystadenomatosis in a cat, successfully managed by diode laser vaporization
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Matthieu Bott) 04 Jun 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04601326
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[hal-04601332] Assessment of Meibomian glands morphology and tear film quality in dogs diagnosed with idiopathic sebaceous adenitis or leishmaniosis: a pilot study
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Coline Jondeau) 04 Jun 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04601332
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[anses-04604994] Giardia duodenalis in Algeria: a review within a One Health approach
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite that primarily infects the small intestine of various mammals, including humans. It is a complex of species composed of multiple genotypes known as assemblages A to H. Assemblages A and B, which are considered the most zoonotic, pose a significant risk to human health. Assem-blages C to H are generally found in companion animals, livestock, rodents and marine vertebrates. Giardiasis, the infection caused by G.duodenalis, is the most common intestinal parasitic infection worldwide. In Algeria, the lack of data on the occurrence and genetic characteristics of G.duodenalis limits our understanding of its epidemiology, impact and zoonotic potential. This review focuses on research conducted in Algeria, covering humans, animals and the environment, with an emphasis on the “One Health” approach. PubMed and ResearchGate databases were used to access relevant publications on the presence of G.duodenalis in humans, animals and the environment from January 2000 to April 2023. Of the seventeen publications identified, only four articles used molecular tools to iden-tify G.duodenalis. The results revealed the presence of G.duodenalis in humans, livestock (cattle, sheep and camels), and the environment (water and soil sam-ples). The prevalence and genetic diversity of G.duodenalis isolates varied across regions and age groups in both humans and animals. Assemblage A was commonly found in humans and animals, indicating potential zoonotic transmission. Further studies are necessary to fully grasp the transmission dynamics, zoonotic potential and public health and animal welfare implications of G.duodenalis in Algeria. Veterinarians, biologists, ecologists and health professionals should work together to tackle G.duodenalis as part of the “One Health” approach. Implementing prevention and control strategies tailored to specific regions and improving hygiene and animal husbandry practices are vital to reduce the burden of giardiasis in both humans and animals.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Myriam Thomas) 07 Jun 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04604994
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[hal-04493615] Noninvasive detection of Zika virus in mosquito excreta sampled from wild mosquito populations in French Guiana
Arboviruses can be difficult to detect in the field due to relatively low prevalence in mosquito populations. The discovery that infected mosquitoes can release viruses in both their saliva and excreta gave rise to low-cost methods for the detection of arboviruses during entomological surveillance. We implemented both saliva and excreta-based entomological surveillance during the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in French Guiana in 2016 by trapping mosquitoes around households of symptomatic cases with confirmed ZIKV infection. ZIKV was detected in mosquito excreta and not in mosquito saliva in 1 trap collection out of 85 (1.2%). One female Ae. aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) was found with a ZIKV systemic infection in the corresponding trap. The lag time between symptom onset in a ZIKV-infected individual living near the trap site and ZIKV detection in this mosquito was 1 wk. These results highlight the potential of detection in excreta from trapped mosquitoes as a sensitive and cost-effective method to non invasively detect arbovirus circulation.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Amandine Guidez) 08 Mar 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04493615
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[hal-04635887] Exploring the impact of breast cancer on colonization resistance of mouse microbiota using network node manipulation
Breast cancer, a global health concern affecting women, has been linked to alterations in the gut microbiota, impacting various aspects of human health. This study investigates the interplay between breast cancer and the gut microbiome, particularly focusing on colonization resistance-an essential feature of the microbiota's ability to prevent pathogenic overgrowth. Using a mouse model of breast cancer, we employ diversity analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, and robustness tests to elucidate the impact of breast cancer on microbiome dynamics. Our results reveal that breast cancer exposure affects the bacterial community's composition and structure, with temporal dynamics playing a role. Network analysis demonstrates that breast cancer disrupts microbial interactions and decreases network complexity, potentially compromising colonization resistance. Moreover, network robustness analysis shows the susceptibility of the microbiota to node removal, indicating potential vulnerability to pathogenic colonization. Additionally, predicted metabolic profiling of the microbiome highlights the significance of the enzyme EC 6.2.1.2 - Butyrate-CoA ligase, potentially increasing butyrate, and balancing the reduction of colonization resistance. The identification of Rubrobacter as a key contributor to this enzyme suggests its role in shaping the microbiota's response to breast cancer. This study uncovers the intricate relationship between breast cancer, the gut microbiome, and colonization resistance, providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies and diagnostic approaches for breast cancer patients.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alejandra Wu-Chuang) 04 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04635887
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[hal-04635886] Spatiotemporal trends and covariates of Lyme borreliosis incidence in Poland, 2010–2019
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most commonly diagnosed tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. Since an efficient vaccine is not yet available, prevention of transmission is essential. This, in turn, requires a thorough comprehension of the spatiotemporal dynamics of LB transmission as well as underlying drivers. This study aims to identify spatiotemporal trends and unravel environmental and socio-economic covariates of LB incidence in Poland, using consistent monitoring data from 2010 through 2019 obtained for 320 (aggregated) districts. Using yearly LB incidence values, we identified an overall increase in LB incidence from 2010 to 2019. Additionally, we observed a large variation of LB incidences between the Polish districts, with the highest risks of LB in the eastern districts. We applied spatiotemporal Bayesian models in an all-subsets modeling framework to evaluate potential associations between LB incidence and various potentially relevant environmental and socio-economic variables, including climatic conditions as well as characteristics of the vegetation and the density of tick host species. The best-supported spatiotemporal model identified positive relationships between LB incidence and forest cover, the share of parks and green areas, minimum monthly temperature, mean monthly precipitation, and gross primary productivity. A negative relationship was found with human population density. The findings of our study indicate that LB incidence in Poland might increase as a result of ongoing climate change, notably increases in minimum monthly temperature. Our results may aid in the development of targeted prevention strategies.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Joanna Kulisz) 04 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04635886
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[hal-04619299] One health approach to study human health risks associated with Dermanyssus gallinae mites
Despite the significant health risks associated with Dermanyssus gallinae infestations in humans, they are often overlooked. This study investigated a household case of D. gallinae infestation and explored the resulting clinical manifestations and risk of infection in family members. Microfluidic PCR was employed for high -throughput screening of pathogens in collected mites and blood samples from both chickens and family members. Morphological and molecular examinations confirmed the identity of the mites as D. gallinae sensu stricto (s.s.), with evidence indicating recent blood feeding. Results indicated that the mites exclusively harbored various pathogens, including Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp., Apicomplexa, and Theileria spp. Blood samples from family members and poultry tested negative for these pathogens, suggesting a potential reservoir role for D. gallinae . The study further identified haplotypes of D. gallinae , classifying them into D. gallinae s.s., cosmopolitan haplogroup A. Serological analysis revealed elevated IgE seroreactivity against mite proteins in the family member with bite lesions. Antibodies against Bartonella spp. were detected in this individual, indicating exposure to the pathogen. In summary, this study sheds light on the clinical manifestations, pathogen detection, and genetic characterization of D. gallinae infestations, underscoring the necessity of adopting comprehensive approaches to manage such infestations effectively.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pavle Banović) 12 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04619299
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[hal-04635885] Blood Group Variations in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma and Regular Blood Donors: A Comparative Analysis in the Serbian Population
This research explores the association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, analyzing Convalescent COVID-19 plasma (CCP) donors (n = 500) and healthy whole blood donors (BDs) (n = 9678) during the pandemic (1 May 2020 to 30 April 2021). A comparison is made with pre-pandemic BDs (n = 11,892) from 1 May 2018 to 30 April 2019. Significant differences in blood group distribution are observed, with blood group A individuals being three times more likely to be CCP donors. Conversely, blood groups B, O, and AB are less associated with CCP donation. Notably, blood group O is more prevalent among regular BDs, suggesting potential resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study underscores variations in blood group distribution during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic periods. The findings support previous research indicating a link between blood group antigens and viral susceptibility, including SARS-CoV-2. Understanding these associations has implications for public health strategies, with potential for predicting COVID-19 outcomes and transmission patterns. Further research is crucial to explore molecular and immunological mechanisms, providing valuable insights for targeted preventive strategies and personalized healthcare in managing the impact of COVID-19.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jasmina Grujić) 04 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04635885
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[hal-04562390] Experimental Infections Reveal Acquired Zoonotic Capacity of Human Schistosomiasis Trough Hybridization
We are currently witnessing the endemization of urogenital schistosomiasis in southern Europe. The incriminated parasite is a hybrid between a human parasite and a livestock parasite. Using an experimental evolutionary protocol, we created hybrid lines from pure strains of both parasite species. We showed that the host spectrum of the human parasite is enlarged to the livestock parasite after genomic introgression. We also evidenced that the tropism of the parasites within the host changes and that some hybrid lines are more virulent than the parental strains. These results engage a paradigm shift from human to zoonotic transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Bruno Polack) 29 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04562390
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[hal-04559697] Spatial Distribution and Pathogen Profile of Dermacentor reticulatus Ticks in Southeastern Poland: A Genetic and Environmental Analysis
In recent years, significant changes have been observed in the distribution and abundance of local Dermacentor reticulatus populations. However, changes in D. reticulatus dynamics have not been studied in southeastern Poland. Our objective was to enhance our understanding of the environmental factors influencing the occurrence and density of D. reticulatus in this area. Additionally, we sought to investigate the genetic diversity of the tick population and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs). To this end, we established 45 study sites in the Subcarpathian province. Ticks were collected during their peak activity in both spring and autumn. A subset of randomly selected specimens underwent molecular analysis for TBPs screening, using high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR. Positive amplicons were then sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Our findings confirmed the presence of D. reticulatus ticks in 24 surveyed sites, primarily concentrated in the northern and eastern parts of the region. The mean density of D. reticulatus ticks in their compact range was 5.8 ± 6.4 specimens/100 m2. Notably, air temperature and altitude emerged as significant factors influencing the species’ activity. We also identified a high prevalence of Rickettsia raoultii infections in adult D. reticulatus, reaching up to 84.21%. Additionally, 9.52% of ticks were found to be infected with R. helvetica and 4.76% with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Furthermore, our genetic analyses confirmed the identity of D. reticulatus in the Subcarpathian region, aligning with haplotypes found in other regions of Poland, Czechia, Croatia, and Portugal. In conclusion, our study suggests that the surveyed region represents the current boundary of the compact range of D. reticulatus in Poland in which this tick species exhibits low genetic diversity and a narrow spectrum of detected TBPs.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Zbigniew Zając) 25 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04559697
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[anses-04574028] Risque de transmission du virus Monkeypox par la manipulation et la consommation d'aliments
La variole simienne est une maladie infectieuse zoonotique causée par le virus Monkeypox (MPXV), un virus à ADN enveloppé appartenant à la famille des Poxviridae et au genre Orthopoxvirus. Au printemps 2022, de nombreux cas humains ont été signalés dans des pays non endémiques, sans antécédents de contact avec des animaux importés ou de voyage dans une zone où le virus circulait habituellement. Cette évaluation qualitative des risques visait à étudier la probabilité de transmission du MPXV par les aliments lors de leur manipulation et de leur consommation. L’évaluation des risques a utilisé deux approches : (i) l’approche « descendante » (basée sur des données épidémiologiques) a d’abord conclu que la viande de brousse était le seul aliment suspecté d’être une source de contamination dans les cas enregistrés de MPXV, par contact ou par ingestion. (ii) L’approche « ascendante » (en suivant l’agent tout au long de la chaîne alimentaire pour évaluer le risque de transmission à l’humain par voie alimentaire) a évalué la chaîne d’événements nécessaires pour qu’un être humain tombe malade après avoir manipulé ou consommé des aliments. Cette approche implique plusieurs conditions : (i) l’aliment doit être contaminé par le MPXV ; (ii) avec un virus viable lorsqu’il parvient au manipulateur ou au consommateur ; (iii) la personne doit être exposée au virus et ; (iv) elle doit être infectée après exposition. Les conclusions des approches descendante et ascendante sont cohérentes et suggèrent que le risque de transmission du MPXV par les aliments reste hypothétique et qu’une telle occurrence n’a jamais été rapportée. En cas de contamination éventuelle d’un aliment, la cuisson (par exemple, 12 minutes à 70 °C) pourrait être considérée comme efficace pour inactiver les Poxviridae dans les aliments. À notre connaissance, il s’agit de la première évaluation des risques réalisée sur la transmission du MPXV par voie alimentaire.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Estelle Chaix) 13 May 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04574028
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[hal-04557489] Dynamic nesting of Anaplasma marginale in the microbial communities of Rhipicephalus microplus
Abstract Interactions within the tick microbiome involving symbionts, commensals, and tick‐borne pathogens (TBPs) play a pivotal role in disease ecology. This study explored temporal changes in the microbiome of Rhipicephalus microplus , an important cattle tick vector, focusing on its interaction with Anaplasma marginale . To overcome limitations inherent in sampling methods relying on questing ticks, which may not consistently reflect pathogen presence due to variations in exposure to infected hosts in nature, our study focused on ticks fed on chronically infected cattle. This approach ensures continuous pathogen exposure, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the nesting patterns of A. marginale in the R. microplus microbiome. Using next‐generation sequencing, microbiome dynamics were characterized over 2 years, revealing significant shifts in diversity, composition, and abundance. Anaplasma marginale exhibited varying associations, with its increased abundance correlating with reduced microbial diversity. Co‐occurrence networks demonstrated Anaplasma 's evolving role, transitioning from diverse connections to keystone taxa status. An integrative approach involving in silico node removal unveils the impact of Anaplasma on network stability, highlighting its role in conferring robustness to the microbial community. This study provides insights into the intricate interplay between the tick microbiome and A. marginale , shedding light on potential avenues for controlling bovine anaplasmosis through microbiome manipulation.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Elianne Piloto-Sardiñas) 24 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04557489
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[hal-04530626] Enrichment and characterization of muscle extracellular vesicles (EVs) during Trichinella spiralis infection in mice
During the muscle invasion by Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae (NBL), the transformation of muscle cells to nurse cells is still not understood, in particular the molecular interplays between host and parasite remains not identified. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the latest decades opens a new field in the understanding of how the pathogen makes itself a niche indispensable for its survival. Produced by almost all cell types, it has been identified as a new way of cell-cell communication in mammals and a new way of host-pathogen interactions in helminths. Muscle cells themselves produce EVs during physiological mechanisms, like regeneration (to which infection with Trichinella has been compared), or pathological conditions, like denervation, inflammation or insulin resistance. In regeneration, muscle cells exchange EVs with satellite cells to induce their proliferation or with immune cells to induce an inflammatory response. Moreover, muscle EVs are enriched in vimentin, an intermediate filament protein. We have previously shown that a NBL stage specific protein (NBL-1) induce the expression of vimentin in muscle cells in vitro. We therefore investigated muscle EVs in OF1 mice during oral infection by Trichinella spiralis (ISS004). EVs were enriched by ultracentrifugation after muscle digestion and analysed for their size and number by tunable resistive pulse sensing (tRPS), purity through the absence of cell-associated proteins (immunodetection in Western Blot), EVs-associated markers (CD9, CD63, Tsg101) and the vimentin protein content. The presence of Trichinella antigens has also been tested. Muscle EVs properties vary during the infection cycle. Vimentin and CD9 protein content of EVs (normalised to EVs protein rate) varies. CD9 tetraspanin is also known as a regulator of cell fusion during muscle regeneration. These results will allow to initiate a more global analysis of local EVs in muscle by proteomic and transcriptomic to understand how the parasite and the cell populations interact through this way. New biomarker or vaccine target candidates may thus be identified.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie Maurer) 03 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04530626
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[anses-04509655] Avis de l'Anses relatif à la fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo
Selon la saisine, la fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo (FHCC) est une maladie vectorisée par les tiques, potentiellement grave chez l’être humain, présente en Europe de l’Est et, depuis une dizaine d’années, en Espagne. Les espèces vectrices du genre Hyalomma sont présentes en Corse et sur le littoral méditerranéen. La transmission par les fluides biologiques est également mentionnée. Dans le cadre de son mandat auprès de la DGAL pour surveiller les maladies animales ou les zoonoses exotiques émergentes en France, le Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique (CIRAD) a prélevé, sur des bovins d’élevage des Pyrénées-Orientales, des tiques du genre Hyalomma chez lesquelles a été mis en évidence, en octobre 2023, le génome du virus de la FHCC. Les prévalences d’infection de ces tiques sont telles qu’elles suggèrent bien une circulation locale du virus de la FHCC. De surcroît, ces prévalences sont en complète cohérence avec les enquêtes sérologiques menées depuis 2018 dans la même zone, en particulier sur des bovins. Dans ce contexte, l’avis de l’Anses est sollicité pour : • proposer « des recommandations de prévention à destination des éleveurs de ruminants, intervenants en élevage et vétérinaires, des personnels des abattoirs et des chasseurs, ainsi que des agents du ministère de l’agriculture et de la souveraineté alimentaire en charge de l’inspection des abattoirs, au regard du risque d’infection par les fluides d’animaux virémiques. Ces recommandations porteront sur les mesures à appliquer selon les activités, les espèces animales concernées, les périodes à risque et les secteurs géographiques concernés. » Il est demandé de proposer « en particulier des mesures de réduction du risque lié aux fluides biologiques des animaux virémiques tout au long du processus d’élevage et en abattoir ». Il est également demandé de se prononcer « sur l’efficacité des options envisagées au regard du risque et leurs effets collatéraux ». • établir « une synthèse des zones et des périodes à risque au regard des différentes voies de transmission virale à l’humain, en s’appuyant notamment sur des données de surveillance acarologique, de sérologie et virologie animale et, le cas échéant, de sérologie humaine autour des élevages séropositifs ». [Saisine liée n°2020-SA-0039]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nadia Haddad) 18 Mar 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04509655
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[hal-04557499] Influence of microbiota-driven natural antibodies on dengue transmission
Dengue has had a significant global health impact, with a dramatic increase in incidence over the past 50 years, affecting more than 100 countries. The absence of a specific treatment or widely applicable vaccine emphasizes the urgent need for innovative strategies. This perspective reevaluates current evidence supporting the concept of dual protection against the dengue virus (DENV) through natural antibodies (NAbs), particularly anti-α-Gal antibodies induced by the host’s gut microbiome (GM). These anti-α-Gal antibodies serve a dual purpose. Firstly, they can directly identify DENV, as mosquito-derived viral particles have been observed to carry α-Gal, thereby providing a safeguard against human infections. Secondly, they possess the potential to impede virus development in the vector by interacting with the vector’s microbiome and triggering infection-refractory states. The intricate interplay between human GM and NAbs on one side and DENV and vector microbiome on the other suggests a novel approach, using NAbs to directly target DENV and simultaneously disrupt vector microbiome to decrease pathogen transmission and vector competence, thereby blocking DENV transmission cycles.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alejandra Wu-Chuang) 24 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04557499
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[anses-04504013] Exploring type I interferon pathway: virulent vs. attenuated strain of African swine fever virus revealing a novel function carried by MGF505-4R
African swine fever virus represents a significant reemerging threat to livestock populations, as its incidence and geographic distribution have surged over the past decade in Europe, Asia, and Caribbean, resulting in substantial socio-economic burdens and adverse effects on animal health and welfare. In a previous report, we described the protective properties of our newly thermo-attenuated strain (ASFV-989) in pigs against an experimental infection of its parental Georgia 2007/1 virulent strain. In this new study, our objective was to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the attenuation of ASFV-989. We first compared the activation of type I interferon pathway in response to ASFV-989 and Georgia 2007/1 infections, employing both in vivo and in vitro models. Expression of IFN-α was significantly increased in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with ASFV-989 while pigs infected with Georgia 2007/1 showed higher IFN-α than those infected by ASFV-989. We also used a medium-throughput transcriptomic approach to study the expression of viral genes by both strains, and identified several patterns of gene expression. Subsequently, we investigated whether proteins encoded by the eight genes deleted in ASFV-989 contribute to the modulation of the type I interferon signaling pathway. Using different strategies, we showed that MGF505-4R interfered with the induction of IFN-α/β pathway, likely through interaction with TRAF3. Altogether, our data reveal key differences between ASFV-989 and Georgia 2007/1 in their ability to control IFN-α/β signaling and provide molecular mechanisms underlying the role of MGF505-4R as a virulence factor.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Juliette Dupré) 14 Mar 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04504013
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[hal-04500027] Age- and Sex-Associated Pathogenesis of Cell Culture-Passaged Kemerovo Virus in IFNAR(−/−) Mice
Kemerovo virus (KEMV) is a tick-borne orbivirus transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Previous animal experimentation studies with orbiviruses, in particular the interferon receptor double knock-out (IFNAR(−/−)) mouse model, did not indicate bias that is related to age or sex. We endeavoured to assess the effect of serial and alternated passages of KEMV in mammalian or Ixodes cells on virus replication and potential virulence in male or female IFNAR(−/−) mice, with important age differences: younger males (4–5 months old), older males (14–15 months old), and old females (14–15 months old). After 30 serial passages in mammalian or tick cells, or alternated passages in the two cell types, older female mice which were inoculated with the resulting virus strains were the first to show clinical signs and die. Younger males behaved differently from older males whether they were inoculated with the parental strain of KEMV or with any of the cell culture-passaged strains. The groups of male and female mice inoculated with the mammalian cell culture-adapted KEMV showed the lowest viraemia. While older female and younger male mice died by day 6 post-inoculation, surprisingly, the older males survived until the end of the experiment, which lasted 10 days. RNA extracted from blood and organs of the various mice was tested by probe-based KEMV real-time RT-PCR. Ct values of the RNA extracts were comparable between older females and younger males, while the values for older males were &gt;5 Ct units higher for the various organs, indicating lower levels of replication. It is noteworthy that the hearts of the old males were the only organs that were negative for KEMV RNA. These results suggest, for the first time, an intriguing age- and sex-related bias for an orbivirus in this animal model. Changes in the amino acid sequence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Kemerovo virus, derived from the first serial passage in Ixodes cells (KEMV Ps.IRE1), were identified in the vicinity of the active polymerase site. This finding suggests that selection of a subpopulation of KEMV with better replication fitness in tick cells occurred.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Camille Victoire Migné) 04 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04500027
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[hal-04558027] Trichinella spiralis inhibits myoblast differentiation by targeting SQSTM1/p62 with a secreted E3 ubiquitin ligase
Trichinella spiralis infection is associated with the formation of cysts within host skeletal muscle cells, thereby enabling immune evasion and subsequent growth and development; however, the pathogenic factors involved in this process and their mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we found that Ts-RNF secreted by T. spiralis is required for its growth and development in host cells. Further study revealed that Ts-RNF functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the UBA domain of SQSTM1/p62 by forming K63-type ubiquitin chains. This modification interferes with autophagic flux, leading to impaired mitochondrial clearance and abnormal myotube differentiation and fusion. Our results established that T. spiralis increases its escape by interfering with host autophagy via the secretion of an E3 ubiquitin ligase.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jian Da Pang) 24 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04558027
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[anses-04572758] La fièvre de West Nile: sous surveillance, même en France !
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Camille Migne) 12 May 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04572758
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[hal-04479142] La glutathionylation de la protéine mitochondriale humaine MIA40 régule l’homéostasie des ROS
Dans le cadre du module d’enseignement « Physiopathologie de la signalisation » proposé par l’université Paris-Saclay, les étudiants du Master « Biologie Santé » se sont confrontés à l’écriture scientifique. Ils ont sélectionné des articles scientifiques dans le domaine de la signalisation cellulaire présentant des résultats originaux, via des approches expérimentales variées, sur des thèmes allant de l’exploration des sites de contacts membranaires aux mécanismes moléculaires de la ferroptose, en passant par la signalisation hépatique et tumorale. Après un travail préparatoire réalisé avec l’équipe pédagogique, les étudiants, organisés en binômes/trinômes, ont ensuite rédigé, guidés par des chercheurs, une Nouvelle soulignant les résultats majeurs et l’originalité de l’article étudié. Ils ont beaucoup apprécié cette initiation à l’écriture d’articles scientifiques et, comme vous pourrez le lire, se sont investis dans ce travail avec enthousiasme !
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Razika Arab) 27 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04479142
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[anses-04467525] Four powdered plants for prevention of <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> disease in Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>)
As alternatives to antibiotics and growth promoters, herbs and medicinal plants can contribute to new strategies for aquatic health management, and have great potential for more sustainable aquaculture. Four plants, Pelargonium roseum, Schinus terenbinthifolius, Murraya koenigii and Aphloia theiformis, widely distributed in tropical countries were studied to assess their efficacy in the prevention and reduction of mortality caused by experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Powdered plants were incorporated into fish feed, and fish were fed with an enriched diet for 40 days before a challenge with the pathogen. No negative impact on the condition factor, weight gain or specific growth rate was observed in fish fed with the plant supplements, and the best growth was observed in fish fed with P. roseum. Mortality was significantly reduced in fish treated with A. theiformis compared to other fish from plant species and control, with a relative survival rate (RPS) of up to 30%.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Domenico Caruso) 20 Feb 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04467525
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[hal-04449145] Detection of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Hyalomma marginatum ticks, southern France, May 2022 and April 2023
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a potentially severe zoonotic viral disease causing fever and haemorrhagic manifestations in humans. As the Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) has been detected in ticks in Spain and antibodies against the virus in ruminant sera in Corsica, it was necessary to know more about the situation in France. In 2022–2023, CCHFV was detected in 155 ticks collected from horses and cattle in southern France.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Célia Bernard) 27 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04449145
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[hal-04512941] Pathogen community composition and co-infection patterns in a wild community of rodents
Rodents are major reservoirs of pathogens that can cause disease in humans and livestock. It is therefore important to know what pathogens naturally circulate in rodent populations, and to understand the factors that may influence their distribution in the wild. Here, we describe the occurrence and distribution patterns of a range of endemic and zoonotic pathogens circulating among rodent communities in northern France. The community sample consisted of 713 ro- dents, including 11 host species from diverse habitats. Rodents were screened for virus expo- sure (hantaviruses, cowpox virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus) using antibody assays. Bacterial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA am- plicon sequencing of splenic samples. Multiple correspondence (MCA), multiple regression and association screening (SCN) analyses were used to determine the degree to which ex- trinsic factors (study year and site; host habitat, species, sex and age class) contributed to pathogen community structure, and to identify patterns of associations between pathogens within hosts. We found a rich diversity of bacterial genera, with 36 known or suspected to be pathogenic. We revealed that host species is the most important determinant of pathogen community composition, and that hosts that share habitats can have very different pathogen communities. Pathogen diversity and co-infection rates also vary among host species. Aggre- gation of pathogens responsible for zoonotic diseases suggests that some rodent species may be more important for transmission risk than others. Moreover, we detected positive asso- ciations between several pathogens, including Bartonella, Mycoplasma species, Cowpox virus (CPXV) and hantaviruses, and these patterns were generally specific to particular host species. Altogether, our results suggest that host and pathogen specificity is the most important driver of pathogen community structure, and that interspecific pathogen-pathogen associations also depend on host species.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jessica L Abbate) 20 Mar 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04512941
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[hal-04446370] Quels sont les facteurs associés aux niveaux de parasitisme interne chez les porcs dans les systèmes d'élevage alternatifs ?
Une étude a été menée dans 112 élevages porcins alternatifs français (sur litière ou avec accès à l'extérieur) où des échantillons fécaux et sanguins ont été prélevés sur 10 truies, 10 porcs de 10-12 semaines d’âge et/ou 10 porcs en fin d'engraissement pour une analyse coprologique ainsi que pour des recherches d’anticorps dirigés contre Ascaris suum et Toxoplasma gondii. Des informations concernant la structure et la conduite de l’élevage ont été collectées lors de la visite de l'exploitation et ont fait l’objet d’analyses multidimensionnelles afin de déterminer des profils d’élevages au regard de l'infestation parasitaire et les caractéristiques de l'exploitation qui leur sont associés. Des oocystes de coccidies ont été observés dans les fèces de porcs dans la majorité des élevages (84 %), suivis par des œufs de strongles (55 %), Trichuris suis (32 %) et A. suum (16 %). Les taux d'élevages séropositifs pour A. suum et T. gondii étaient respectivement de 80 % et 56 %. L'hygiène et notamment la décontamination des installations sont des facteurs associés à un faible niveau de parasitisme. À l'inverse, l'élevage en plein air ou sur litière, un entretien médiocre des bâtiments, les élevages de petite taille ainsi que la saison (été) sont des paramètres associés à des niveaux élevés de parasitisme. L'utilisation de traitements anthelminthiques multiples sur les porcs en croissance était associée à une faible excrétion d’œufs de T. suis mais à des niveaux élevés de séroprévalence pour A. suum. Même si certains facteurs ne sont pas sous le contrôle des éleveurs (e.g. saison), des marges d'amélioration existent concernant l'hygiène et l'utilisation appropriée de traitements antiparasitaires.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maxime Delsart) 08 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04446370
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[hal-04493624] Tick-borne viruses and their risk to public health in the Caribbean: Spotlight on bats as reservoirs in Cuba
In recent decades, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have surged and expanded globally due to factors like changes in human activities, land use patterns, and climate change, and it have been associated with the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Cuba faces the impact of ticks on human health and the economy. Although Cuba has studied TBDs extensively for the past 50 years, focus on tick-borne viral pathogens affecting humans remains scant. Despite TBDs not currently being a major health concern in Cuba, factors like inadequate clinician awareness, climate conditions, global tick emergence, and evidence of zoonotic pathogens in ticks underscore the importance of enhanced TBD surveillance in the country. Here we revised the available information on ticks as vectors of pathogenic viruses to humans, spotlighting bats as potential reservoirs of tick-borne viruses (TBVs). Ticks on bats have gained interest as potential reservoirs of pathogenic viruses to humans in Cuba and worldwide. Understanding their role in maintaining viruses and their potential transmission to humans is crucial for the implementation of surveillance and control programs to reduce the risk of tick-borne viral diseases and public health management.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maritza Pupo Antúnez) 12 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04493624
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[hal-04557483] Real-world evidence of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Serbia: Nation-wide observational study (2017–2019)
Background: Rabies remains a deadly zoonotic disease, primarily prevalent in Eastern European countries, with a significant global burden in Asia and Africa. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is critical to prevent clinical rabies. Serbia, a country with a relatively low animal rabies incidence, has been implementing a 4-dose Essen PEP regimen for 13 years. This real-world study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the 4-dose Essen regimen, considering demographic and clinical factors, after WHO Category III exposure. Method: The study included 601 patients who received the 4-dose Essen PEP and 79 who received an additional 5th dose. Results: Age emerged as a critical factor influencing seroconversion rates after the 4-dose regimen, with older individuals exhibiting lower RVNA titers. Logistic regression indicated a 3.18% decrease in seroconversion odds for each added year of age. The Cox proportional hazards mixed model highlighted age-related risks, with age groups 45-60 and 75-92 at the highest risk of non-seroconversion. Human Rabies Immune Globulin (HRIG) administration was associated with lower RVNA values after the 4-dose regimen, suggesting interference with vaccine immunogenicity among people who received larger doses of HRIG. Conclusions: This study provides valuable real-world evidence for rabies PEP in a non-homogeneous population with potential comorbidities. The results underscore the importance of optimizing PEP strategies, particularly in older individuals, and reconsidering HRIG dosing to improve seroconversion rates.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Pavle Banović) 24 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04557483
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[hal-04434326] Aptamer selection against cell extracts containing the zoonotic obligate intracellular bacterium, Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Abstract A. phagocytophilum is a zoonotic and tick-borne bacterium, threatening human and animal health. Many questions persist concerning the variability of strains and the mechanisms governing the interactions with its different hosts. These gaps can be explained by the difficulty to cultivate and study A. phagocytophilum because of its strict intracellular location and the lack of specific tools, in particular monoclonal antibodies, currently unavailable. The objective of our study was to develop DNA aptamers against A. phagocytophilum, or molecules expressed during the infection, as new study and/or capture tools. Selecting aptamers was a major challenge due to the strict intracellular location of the bacterium. To meet this challenge, we set up a customized selection protocol against an enriched suspension of A. phagocytophilum NY18 strain, cultivated in HL-60 cells. The implementation of SELEX allowed the selection of three aptamers, characterized by a high affinity for HL-60 cells infected with A. phagocytophilum NY18 strain. Interestingly, the targets of these three aptamers are most likely proteins expressed at different times of infection. The selected aptamers could contribute to increase our understanding of the interactions between A. phagocytophilum and its hosts, as well as permit the development of new diagnostic, therapeutic or drug delivery appliances.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lisa Lucie Le Dortz) 08 Feb 2024
https://enva.hal.science/hal-04434326
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[hal-04442106] Exploring the Coinfection and Genetic Diversity of Multiple Tick-Borne Pathogens in Livestock Population of Punjab, Pakistan
Tick-borne diseases affecting domestic animals and humans have increased globally in recent years. Pakistan, in particular, faces a significant economic threat from ticks, where two specific species, Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum, act as vectors for various pathogens such as piroplasma, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia that pose a significant burden on livestock production in the country. To better understand the risk that tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) pose to livestock in Pakistan, we conducted a cross-sectional study of the occurrence, diversity, and coinfection of these pathogens in small and large ruminants owned by small farms as well as in ticks collected from these animals. We collected blood samples from 224 cattle, 224 buffalo, 69 goats, and 56 sheep, gathered from 112 farms located in seven districts of Punjab, one of Pakistan’s largest province. In addition, we collected a total of 476 ticks attached to these animals. Based on the identification of tick species through morphology and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, we confirmed that the most commonly collected tick species were Rh. microplus (38.65% of all individuals), H. anatolicum (31.93%), and Rh. decoloratus (8.40%). Notable pathogens detected in the collected ticks included Theileria annulata (18.4% prevalence), Anaplasma ovis (15.79%), A. centrale (13.16%), and Rickettsia slovaca (13.16%). In blood samples, the most frequently detected pathogens were T. annulata (n = 8), Babesia bovis (n = 7), A. centrale (n = 6), and B. bigemina (n = 5). In some cases, both cattle and buffaloes were found to be coinfected with B. bovis, T. annulata, and A. centrale. These findings provide valuable insights into the circulation of TBPs in livestock and highlight the need for further research on the epidemiological risk that these pathogens pose to ruminants in Pakistan.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sabir Hussain) 04 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04442106
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[hal-04529152] Impact of Plasmodium relictum Infection on the Colonization Resistance of Bird Gut Microbiota: A Preliminary Study
Avian malaria infection has been known to affect host microbiota, but the impact of Plasmodium infection on the colonization resistance in bird gut microbiota remains unexplored. This study investigated the dynamics of Plasmodium relictum infection in canaries, aiming to explore the hypothesis that microbiota modulation by P. relictum would reduce colonization resistance. Canaries were infected with P. relictum, while a control group was maintained. The results revealed the presence of P. relictum in the blood of all infected canaries. Analysis of the host microbiota showed no significant differences in alpha diversity metrics between infected and control groups. However, significant differences in beta diversity indicated alterations in the microbial taxa composition of infected birds. Differential abundance analysis identified specific taxa with varying prevalence between infected and control groups at different time points. Network analysis demonstrated a decrease in correlations and revealed that P. relictum infection compromised the bird microbiota’s ability to resist the removal of taxa but did not affect network robustness with the addition of new nodes. These findings suggest that P. relictum infection reduces gut microbiota stability and has an impact on colonization resistance. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing strategies to enhance colonization resistance and maintain host health in the face of parasitic infections.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Justė Aželytė) 02 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04529152
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[hal-04010177] Seasonality of host-seeking Ixodes ricinus nymph abundance in relation to climate
Abstract There is growing concern about climate change and its impact on human health. Specifically, global warming could increase the probability of emerging infectious diseases, notably because of changes in the geographical and seasonal distributions of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. For example, the range of Ixodes ricinus, the most common and widespread tick species in Europe, is currently expanding northward and at higher altitudes. However, little is known about the seasonal variation in tick abundance in different climates. Seasonality of I. ricinus is often based on expert opinions while field surveys are usually limited in time. Our objective was to describe seasonal variations in I. ricinus abundance under different climates. To this end, a seven-year longitudinal study, with monthly collections of I. ricinus host-seeking nymphs, was carried out in France, in six locations corresponding to different climates. Tick data were log-transformed and grouped between years so as to obtain seasonal variations for a typical year. Daily average temperature was measured during the study period. Seasonal patterns of nymph abundance were established for the six different locations using linear harmonic regression. Model parameters were estimated separately for each location. Seasonal patterns appeared different depending on the climate considered. Western temperate sites showed an early spring peak, a summer minimum and a moderate autumn and winter abundance. More continental sites showed a later peak in spring, and a minimum in winter. The peak occurred in summer for the mountainous site, with an absence of ticks in winter. In all cases except the mountainous site, the timing of the spring peak could be related to the sum of degree days since the beginning of the year. Winter abundance was positively correlated to the corresponding temperature. Our results highlight clear patterns in the different sites corresponding to different climates, which allow further forecast of tick seasonality under changing climate conditions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Thierry Hoch) 17 Jan 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04010177v2
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[hal-04400072] Microfluidic PCR and network analysis reveals complex tick-borne pathogen interactions in the tropics
Background Ixodid ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., are important vectors of various disease-causing agents in dogs and humans in Cuba. However, our understading of interactions among tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in infected dogs or the vector R. sanguineus s.l. remains limited. This study integrates microfluidic-based high-throughput real-time PCR data, Yule's Q statistic, and network analysis to elucidate pathogen-pathogen interactions in dogs and ticks in tropical western Cuba. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 46 client-owned dogs was conducted. Blood samples were collected from these dogs, and ticks infesting the same dogs were morphologically and molecularly identified. Nucleic acids were extracted from both canine blood and tick samples. Microfluidic-based high-throughput real-time PCR was employed to detect 25 bacterial species, 10 parasite species, 6 bacterial genera, and 4 parasite taxa, as well as to confirm the identity of the collected ticks. Validation was performed through end-point PCR assays and DNA sequencing analysis. Yule's Q statistic and network analysis were used to analyse the associations between different TBP species based on binary presence-absence data. Results The study revealed a high prevalence of TBPs in both dogs and R. sanguineus s.l., the only tick species found on the dogs. Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis were among the most common pathogens detected. Co-infections were observed, notably between E. canis and H. canis . Significant correlations were found between the presence of Anaplasma platys and H. canis in both dogs and ticks. A complex co-occurrence network among haemoparasite species was identified, highlighting potential facilitative and inhibitory roles. Notably, H. canis was found as a highly interconnected node, exhibiting significant positive associations with various taxa, including A. platys , and E. canis , suggesting facilitative interactions among these pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis showed genetic diversity in the detected TBPs. Conclusions Overall, this research enhances our understanding of TBPs in Cuba, providing insights into their prevalence, associations, and genetic diversity, with implications for disease surveillance and management. Graphical abstract
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Cristian Díaz-Corona) 08 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04400072
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[hal-04398431] Real-Time Microfluidic PCRs: A High-Throughput Method to Detect 48 or 96 Tick-borne Pathogens in 48 or 96 Samples
Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are often detected through classical molecular tools (PCR, nested PCR, real-time PCR), but these are limited in terms of the number of targeted pathogens due to the volume of DNA available for analysis. To solve this problem, in 2014 we developed a new high-throughput method based on real-time microfluidic PCRs that can detect 48 or 96 pathogens in 48 or 96 samples in a single run, such as ten species from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group. We then used this technique for large-scale epidemiological studies of TBPs in tick and animal samples on an international scale through numerous collaborative projects.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sara Moutailler) 16 Jan 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04398431
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[anses-04504002] First use of tissue exudate serology to identify Toxocara spp. infection in food animals
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are globally distributed, zoonotic roundworm parasites. Human infection can have serious clinical consequences including blindness and brain disorders. In addition to ingesting environmental eggs, humans can become infected by eating infective larvae in raw or undercooked meat products. To date, no studies have assessed the prevalence of Toxocara spp. larvae in meat from animals consumed as food in the UK or assessed tissue exudates for the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies. This study aimed to assess the potential risk to consumers eating meat products from animals infected with Toxocara spp. Tissue samples (226) were obtained from 155 different food producing animals in the south, southwest and east of England, UK. Tissue samples (n=226), either muscle or liver, were processed by artificial digestion followed by microscopic sediment evaluation for Toxocara spp. larvae, and tissue exudate samples (n=141) were tested for the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit. A logistic regression model was used to compare anti-Toxocara antibody prevalence by host species, tissue type and source. While no larvae were found by microscopic examination after tissue digestion, the overall prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in tissue exudates was 27.7%. By species, 35.3% of cattle (n=34), 15.0% of sheep (n=60), 54.6% of goats (n=11) and 61.1% of pigs (n=18) had anti-Toxocara antibodies. Logistic regression analysis found pigs were more likely to be positive for anti-Toxocara antibodies (odds ration (OR) = 2.89, P=0.0786) compared with the other species sampled but only at a 10% significance level. The high prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in tissue exudates suggests that exposure of food animals to this parasite is common in England. Tissue exudate serology on meat products within the human food chain could be applied in support of food safety and to identify practices that increase risks of foodborne transmission of zoonotic toxocariasis.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sara Healy) 14 Mar 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04504002
